Changes in Size and Demographic Composition of Transgender and Gender Non-Binary Population Receiving Care at Integrated Health Systems

ObjectiveTo examine temporal changes in the number and demographic composition of transgender/gender non-binary (TGNB) population using data from integrated health care systems.MethodsElectronic health records from Kaiser Permanente health plans in Georgia and Northern and Southern California were used to identify TGNB individuals, who sought care from January 2006 to December 2014, and the data were analyzed by year, site, age, and sex assigned at birth.ResultsIn 2006, the number of TGNB people (and corresponding 95% CI) per 100 000 population were 3.5 (1.9, 6.3) in Georgia, 5.5 (4.8, 6.4) in Southern California, and 17 (16, 19) in Northern California. In 2014, these frequencies increased to 38 (32, 45), 44 (42, 46), and 75 (72, 78) per 100 000 population, respectively. When analyzed by age, the most rapid increase was observed among persons 18 to 25 years old, and this increase accelerated after 2010. The ratio of transmasculine to transfeminine persons also changed from 1:1.7 in 2006 to 1:1 in 2014 overall and from 1:1 in 2006 to 1.8:1 in 2014 among persons <18 years of age.ConclusionThis analysis confirms previous observations that the proportion of TGNB people is growing, especially among young adults. The composition of the TGNB population is also changing from predominantly transfeminine to roughly 1:1 overall and to predominantly transmasculine in children and adolescents.     

Electronic structure and polarizabilities of some heterocycles: I. Hydroxypyrazoles and related systems

The (hyper)polarizabilities of different tautomer forms of hydroxypyrazoles and pyrazolones have been calculated by the finite-field procedure in the MNDO approximation and the sum of states formalism in the PPP approximation, with all singly- and doubly-excited electronic configurations in the CI method. It was shown that while in the ground electronic state the values of the (hyper) polarizabilities are not essentially different, in the first excited singlet Franck-Condon state an increase of the molecular polarizabilities of some tautomers is observed. This increase is attributed to a specific change in the electronic structure of the excited state, demonstrated by the localization of the electronic transition in the different pyrazolone tautomers. The electron-donor capabilities of phenyl-substituted hydroxypyrazoles and pyrazolones are discussed.     

The relationship of intercompartmental excitation transfer rate constants to those of an underlying physical model

In studies on photosynthetic systems it is common practice to interpret the results of time-resolved fluorescence experiments on the basis of compartmental, or target, models. Each compartment represents a group of molecules with similar fluorescence characteristics. In cases of practical interest, the members of each compartment are spatially contiguous and make up part of an overall energy-transferring system. Since a rate constant describing the overall transfer between compartments is not that of any pair of molecules in the system, this question naturally rises: what do we learn about the microscopic structure from these data? In this note we introduce ‘compartment melting’, a smooth mathematical connection between the compartmental and microscopic levels. We then show, on the basis of model calculations on finite lattices in one, two, and three dimensions, that average microscopic rates at the interfaces between compartments may be estimated from observed intercompartmental rates. The estimate involves a modest number of structural assumptions about the system. As examples of the method, which is applicable mainly to systems containing homogeneous pigment pools, some recent chlorophyll-protein antenna studies are analyzed.